Much like Binet, American psychologist David Wechsler believed that intelligence involved different mental abilities. As a result of these tests, harmful and inaccurate generalizations were made about entire populations, leading Congress to enact discriminatory immigration restrictions for groups deemed to have a "genetically inferior" IQ. After the war, the tests remained in use in a wide variety of situations outside of the military.įor example, IQ tests were used to screen new immigrants as they entered the United States. The goal of the Alpha and Beta tests was to help the Army determine which men were suited for specific positions and leadership roles. The tests were administered to over 2 million soldiers. The Army Alpha was designed as a written test, while the Army Beta was made up of pictures for recruits who were unable to read or didn't speak English. In 1917, as chair of the Committee on the Psychological Examination of Recruits, psychologist Robert Yerkes developed two IQ tests known as the Army Alpha and Beta tests. Army officials were faced with thetask of screening and classifying an enormous number of recruits. Army Alpha and Beta TestsĪt the outset of World War I, U.S. It remains a popular assessment tool today, despite going through a number of revisions over the years since its inception.įor example, a child with a mental age of 12 and a chronological age of 10 would have an IQ of 120: (12÷10) x 100 = 120. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test provided a single number, known as the intelligence quotient (IQ), to represent an individual's score on the test. It also included new terms, using two scales of measurement versus one to provide a more accurate score. The Stanford-Binet test, which was first published in 1916, was adapted from the original test in that French terms and ideas were translated into English. Initially, this was known as the Revised Stanford-Binet Scale but is now known more commonly as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Stanford University psychologist Lewis Terman is one professional who took Binet's original test and standardized it using a sample of American participants. Some psychologists set out to make the modifications needed to supply a more complete picture, which led to the creation of newer, more comprehensive IQ tests. The Binet-Simon test didn't necessarily account for this complexity, providing an incomplete measure of intelligence. Instead, he suggested that intelligence is far too broad a concept to quantify with one number.īinet insisted that intelligence is complex in that it is influenced by many factors, changes over time, and can only be compared in children with similar backgrounds. Though, this scale had many limitations.įor example, Binet did not believe that his psychometric instruments could be used to measure a single, permanent, and inborn level of intelligence. This Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale (also sometimes called the Simon-Binet Scale) became the basis for the intelligence tests still in use today.
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